Sifat Fisik, Kandungan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Essensial Kulit Batang Akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.)
Abstract
Minyak essensial merupakan produk cairan yang diperoleh melalui proses ekstraksi dari berbagai bagian tumbuhan aromatik. Akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.) merupakan salah satu jenis tumbuhan aromatik yang memiliki kulit batang yang mengandung minyak essensial. Konsentrasi dan jenis senyawa penyusun minyak essensial sangat menentukan sifat fisik, kimia dan antibakterinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan sifat fisik dan kandungan fitokimia minyak essensial kulit batang akway serta potensi antibakterinya terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri patogen. Proses ekstraksi minyak essensial kulit batang akway dilakukan menggunakan metode distilasi air. Pengujian sifat fisik yang dilakukan meliputi warna, kelarutan dalam alkohol dan indeks refraktif sedangkan pengujian kandungan kualitatif fitokimianya meliputi terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloid dan saponin. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan pada konsentrasi 0-10% dengan metode difusi cakram di dalam medium agar. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa minyak essensial kulit batang akway memiliki warna jernih kekuningan, kelarutan 1 : 2 dalam alkohol 80%, dan indeks refraktif sebesar 1,4942. Minyak essensial kulit batang akway mengandung terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloid dan saponin serta dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dengan konsentrasi hambat tumbuh minimum sebesar 2,7-5,0 mg/ml.
References
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Al-fekaiki, D. F., Niamah, A. K., and Al-Sahlany, S. T. G. (2017). Extraction and identification of essential oil from Cinammomum zeylanicum barks and study the antibacterial activity. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 7(3): 312-316.
Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D.G., & Lightfoot, D.A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6 (42): 1-23.
Badasa, S., Bufebo, T., Derbe, T., and Mariam, Y. W. (2014). Physico-chemical analysis of essential oil of Lantana camara L. leaf of Mekelle, Ethiopia. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(10): 1349-1357.
Barkatullah., Ibrar, M., Rauf, A., & Rahman, I. U. (2012). Physicochemical characterization of essential and fixed oils of Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum. Middle-East Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(3): 51-58.
Bloomfield, S. (1991). Methods for assesing antimicrobial activity. In S. P. Denyer, H. B. Hugo, editor. Mechanism of action of chemical biocides their study and exploitation (pp.1-22). London: Scientific Publication.
Butnariu, M., & Sarac, I. (2018). Essential oils from plants. Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, 1(4): 35-43.
Cabarkapa, I.S., Duragic, O.M., & Kostadinovic, L.M. (2016). Essential Oils: Mode of Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application in Food Systems. Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech, 27(3):61-64.
Cepeda, G.N., Santoso, B.B., Lisangan, M.M. dan Silamba, I. 2011a. Komposisi kimia minyak atsiri daun akway. Makara Sains 15(1): 63-66.
Cepeda, G.N., Santoso, B.B., Lisangan, M.M. dan Silamba, I. 2011b. Komposisi kimia minyak atsiri kulit kayu akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.). Bionatura 13(2) : 118-124.
Cushnie, T.P.T., Cushnieb, B., & Lambc, A.J. (2014). Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 44: 377–386.
Damayanti, R., Fahmi, C. N., & Efendi, R. (2015). Physical properties of essential oil of leave pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) of South Aceh. Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan, 1(2): 76-80.
Davidson, P. M., and Parish, M. E. 1989. Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobial. Food Technology, 148-155
Desai, S.D., Desaib, D.G., & Kaurc, H. (2009). Saponins and their Biological Activities. Pharma Times, 41(3): 13-16.
Duarte, M.C.T., Duarte, R.M.T., Rodrigues, R.A.F., & Rodrigues, M.V.N. (2018). Essential Oils and Their Characteristics. In S.M.B. Hashemi, A.M. Khaneghah, A. S. Sant’Ana, Editor. Essential Oils in Food Processing: Chemistry, Safety and Applications (pp. 1-19). USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Faizal, A., & Geelen, D. (2013). Saponins and their role in biological processes in plants. Phytochemistry Review, 12:877–893.
Hagos, Z., Mulugeta, A., Gopalakrishnan, V. K., Krishna, C. K., & Nagaraju, B. (2017). Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of essential oil from Myrtus communis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 9(6): 439-443.
Harborne, J. B. (1996). Metode Fitokimia. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
Huong, B. V., Anh, L. D. N., & Dat, N. V. (2018). Stem bark essential oil composition of Schefflera quangtriensis C. B. Shang. Chemistry Research Journal, 3(5):69-72.
Kennedy, D.O., & Wightman, E.I. (2011). Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals: Plant Secondary Metabolites and the Enhancement of Human Brain Function. Advances in Nutrition, 2: 32–50.
Koohyar, F. (2013). Refractive Index and Its Applications. Journal of Thermodynamics & Catalysis, 4(2): 117.
Leandro, L.F., Cardoso, M.J.O., Silva, S.D.C., Souza, M.G.M., Veneziani, R.C.S., & Ambrosio, S.R. (2014). Antibacterial activity of Pinus elliottii and its major compound, dehydroabietic acid, against multidrug-resistant strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63: 1649–1653.
López, E.I.C., Balcázar, M.F.H., Mendoza, J.M.R., Ortiz, A.D.R., Melo, M.T.O., & Parrales, R.S., et al. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8: 1511-1524.
Majumder, M., Sharma, H. K., Zaman, K., & Lyngdoh, W. (2014). Evaluation of physico-chemical properties and antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from the fruit of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Collected from Meghalaya India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(5):543-546.
Mansour Amin, Enayat Kalantar, Neda Mohammad-Saeid, and Behzad Ahsan. (2010). Antibacterial effect and physicochemical properties of essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3(6):439-442.
Marzuki, I., Joefrie, B., Aziz, S. A., Agusta, H., & Surahman, M. (2014). Physico-chemical characterization of Maluku nutmeg oil. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(1):61-64.
Moghaddam M., & Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Chemistry of Essential Oils and Factors Influencing Their Constituents. In A. M. Grumezescu, A. M. Holban, editor. Handbook of Food Bioengineering Vol. 3 (pp. 379-419). London: Academic Press.
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6: 1451-1474.
Nugraheni, K. S., Khasanah, L. U., Utami1, R., & Ananditho, B. K. (2016). Pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan dan variasi metode destilasi terhadap karakteristik mutu minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (C. Burmanii). Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, 9 (2): 51-64.
Ospina, J. D., Tovar, C. D. G., , Flores, J. C. M., & Orozco, M. S. S. (2016). Relationship between refractive index and thymol concentration in essential oils of Lippia origanoides Kunth. Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences, 32(2): 127-133.
Perricone, M., Arace, E., Corbo, M.R., Sinigaglia, M., & Bevilacqua, A. (2015). Bioactivity of essential oils: a review on their interaction with food components. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6: 1-7.
Rassem, H. H. A., Nour, A. H., & Yunus, R. M. (2016). Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: A review. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(16): 117-127
Rialita, T., Rahayu, W. P., Nuraida, L., & Nurtama, B. (2015). Aktivitas antimikroba minyak esensial jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) terhadap bakteri patogen dan perusak pangan. Agritech, 35(1): 43-52.
Santos, T. G., Dognini, J., Begnini, I. M., Rebelo,. R. A., Verdi, M., De Gasper, A. L., & Dalmarcod, E. M. (2013). Chemical characterization of essential oils from Drimys angustifolia Miers (Winteraceae) and antibacterial activity of their major compounds. Journal of Brazillian Chemistry Society, 24(1): 164-170.
Saranraj, P., and Devi, V.D. (2012). Essential Oil and Its Antibacterial Properties – A Review. Life Science Archives (LSA), 3(2): 994 – 1011.
Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., and Gupta, A. (2013). Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(6):168-182.
Seow, Y.X., Yeo, C.R., Chung, H.L., and Yuk, H-G. 2014. Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54:625–644.
Shabbir, M. K., Nadeem, R., Mukhtar, H., Anwar, F., and Mumtaz, M. W. (2009). Physico-chemical analysis and determination of various chemical constituents of essential oil in Rosa centifolia. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(2): 615-620.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical Screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1(1): 98-106.
Turek, C., and Stintzing, F.C. (2013). Stability of Essential Oils: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,12:40-53.
Utchariyakiat, I., Surassmo, S., Jaturanpinyo, M., Khuntayaporn, P., and Chomnawang, M.T. (2016). Efficacy of cinnamon bark oil and cinnamaldehyde on anti-multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the synergistic effects in combination with other antimicrobial agents. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16:158.
Wibowo, S., and Komarayati, S. (2015). Sifat fisiko kimia minyak cupresus (Cupressus benthamii) asal Aek Nauli, Parapat Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 33(2): 93-103.
Widiyanto, A., and Siarudin, M. (2014). Sifat fisikokimia minyak kayu putih jenis Asteromyrtus brasii. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 32(4): 243-252.
Yadav, N., Yadav, R., and Goyal, A. (2014). Chemistry of Terpenoids. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 27(2): 272-278.
Al-fekaiki, D. F., Niamah, A. K., and Al-Sahlany, S. T. G. (2017). Extraction and identification of essential oil from Cinammomum zeylanicum barks and study the antibacterial activity. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 7(3): 312-316.
Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D.G., & Lightfoot, D.A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6 (42): 1-23.
Badasa, S., Bufebo, T., Derbe, T., and Mariam, Y. W. (2014). Physico-chemical analysis of essential oil of Lantana camara L. leaf of Mekelle, Ethiopia. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(10): 1349-1357.
Barkatullah., Ibrar, M., Rauf, A., & Rahman, I. U. (2012). Physicochemical characterization of essential and fixed oils of Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum. Middle-East Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(3): 51-58.
Bloomfield, S. (1991). Methods for assesing antimicrobial activity. In S. P. Denyer, H. B. Hugo, editor. Mechanism of action of chemical biocides their study and exploitation (pp.1-22). London: Scientific Publication.
Butnariu, M., & Sarac, I. (2018). Essential oils from plants. Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, 1(4): 35-43.
Cabarkapa, I.S., Duragic, O.M., & Kostadinovic, L.M. (2016). Essential Oils: Mode of Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Application in Food Systems. Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech, 27(3):61-64.
Cepeda, G.N., Santoso, B.B., Lisangan, M.M. dan Silamba, I. 2011a. Komposisi kimia minyak atsiri daun akway. Makara Sains 15(1): 63-66.
Cepeda, G.N., Santoso, B.B., Lisangan, M.M. dan Silamba, I. 2011b. Komposisi kimia minyak atsiri kulit kayu akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.). Bionatura 13(2) : 118-124.
Cushnie, T.P.T., Cushnieb, B., & Lambc, A.J. (2014). Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 44: 377–386.
Damayanti, R., Fahmi, C. N., & Efendi, R. (2015). Physical properties of essential oil of leave pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) of South Aceh. Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan, 1(2): 76-80.
Davidson, P. M., and Parish, M. E. 1989. Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobial. Food Technology, 148-155
Desai, S.D., Desaib, D.G., & Kaurc, H. (2009). Saponins and their Biological Activities. Pharma Times, 41(3): 13-16.
Duarte, M.C.T., Duarte, R.M.T., Rodrigues, R.A.F., & Rodrigues, M.V.N. (2018). Essential Oils and Their Characteristics. In S.M.B. Hashemi, A.M. Khaneghah, A. S. Sant’Ana, Editor. Essential Oils in Food Processing: Chemistry, Safety and Applications (pp. 1-19). USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Faizal, A., & Geelen, D. (2013). Saponins and their role in biological processes in plants. Phytochemistry Review, 12:877–893.
Hagos, Z., Mulugeta, A., Gopalakrishnan, V. K., Krishna, C. K., & Nagaraju, B. (2017). Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of essential oil from Myrtus communis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 9(6): 439-443.
Harborne, J. B. (1996). Metode Fitokimia. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
Huong, B. V., Anh, L. D. N., & Dat, N. V. (2018). Stem bark essential oil composition of Schefflera quangtriensis C. B. Shang. Chemistry Research Journal, 3(5):69-72.
Kennedy, D.O., & Wightman, E.I. (2011). Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals: Plant Secondary Metabolites and the Enhancement of Human Brain Function. Advances in Nutrition, 2: 32–50.
Koohyar, F. (2013). Refractive Index and Its Applications. Journal of Thermodynamics & Catalysis, 4(2): 117.
Leandro, L.F., Cardoso, M.J.O., Silva, S.D.C., Souza, M.G.M., Veneziani, R.C.S., & Ambrosio, S.R. (2014). Antibacterial activity of Pinus elliottii and its major compound, dehydroabietic acid, against multidrug-resistant strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63: 1649–1653.
López, E.I.C., Balcázar, M.F.H., Mendoza, J.M.R., Ortiz, A.D.R., Melo, M.T.O., & Parrales, R.S., et al. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8: 1511-1524.
Majumder, M., Sharma, H. K., Zaman, K., & Lyngdoh, W. (2014). Evaluation of physico-chemical properties and antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from the fruit of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Collected from Meghalaya India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(5):543-546.
Mansour Amin, Enayat Kalantar, Neda Mohammad-Saeid, and Behzad Ahsan. (2010). Antibacterial effect and physicochemical properties of essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3(6):439-442.
Marzuki, I., Joefrie, B., Aziz, S. A., Agusta, H., & Surahman, M. (2014). Physico-chemical characterization of Maluku nutmeg oil. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(1):61-64.
Moghaddam M., & Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Chemistry of Essential Oils and Factors Influencing Their Constituents. In A. M. Grumezescu, A. M. Holban, editor. Handbook of Food Bioengineering Vol. 3 (pp. 379-419). London: Academic Press.
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6: 1451-1474.
Nugraheni, K. S., Khasanah, L. U., Utami1, R., & Ananditho, B. K. (2016). Pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan dan variasi metode destilasi terhadap karakteristik mutu minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (C. Burmanii). Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, 9 (2): 51-64.
Ospina, J. D., Tovar, C. D. G., , Flores, J. C. M., & Orozco, M. S. S. (2016). Relationship between refractive index and thymol concentration in essential oils of Lippia origanoides Kunth. Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences, 32(2): 127-133.
Perricone, M., Arace, E., Corbo, M.R., Sinigaglia, M., & Bevilacqua, A. (2015). Bioactivity of essential oils: a review on their interaction with food components. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6: 1-7.
Rassem, H. H. A., Nour, A. H., & Yunus, R. M. (2016). Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: A review. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(16): 117-127
Rialita, T., Rahayu, W. P., Nuraida, L., & Nurtama, B. (2015). Aktivitas antimikroba minyak esensial jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) terhadap bakteri patogen dan perusak pangan. Agritech, 35(1): 43-52.
Santos, T. G., Dognini, J., Begnini, I. M., Rebelo,. R. A., Verdi, M., De Gasper, A. L., & Dalmarcod, E. M. (2013). Chemical characterization of essential oils from Drimys angustifolia Miers (Winteraceae) and antibacterial activity of their major compounds. Journal of Brazillian Chemistry Society, 24(1): 164-170.
Saranraj, P., and Devi, V.D. (2012). Essential Oil and Its Antibacterial Properties – A Review. Life Science Archives (LSA), 3(2): 994 – 1011.
Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., and Gupta, A. (2013). Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(6):168-182.
Seow, Y.X., Yeo, C.R., Chung, H.L., and Yuk, H-G. 2014. Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54:625–644.
Shabbir, M. K., Nadeem, R., Mukhtar, H., Anwar, F., and Mumtaz, M. W. (2009). Physico-chemical analysis and determination of various chemical constituents of essential oil in Rosa centifolia. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(2): 615-620.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical Screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1(1): 98-106.
Turek, C., and Stintzing, F.C. (2013). Stability of Essential Oils: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,12:40-53.
Utchariyakiat, I., Surassmo, S., Jaturanpinyo, M., Khuntayaporn, P., and Chomnawang, M.T. (2016). Efficacy of cinnamon bark oil and cinnamaldehyde on anti-multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the synergistic effects in combination with other antimicrobial agents. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16:158.
Wibowo, S., and Komarayati, S. (2015). Sifat fisiko kimia minyak cupresus (Cupressus benthamii) asal Aek Nauli, Parapat Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 33(2): 93-103.
Widiyanto, A., and Siarudin, M. (2014). Sifat fisikokimia minyak kayu putih jenis Asteromyrtus brasii. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 32(4): 243-252.
Yadav, N., Yadav, R., and Goyal, A. (2014). Chemistry of Terpenoids. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 27(2): 272-278.
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Published
2018-12-21
How to Cite
ZAKARIYAH, Muhammad; CEPEDA, Gino Nemesio; HUTASOIT, Hostalige.
Sifat Fisik, Kandungan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Essensial Kulit Batang Akway (Drimys piperita Hook f.).
Agritechnology, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 56-65, dec. 2018.
ISSN 2620-4738.
Available at: <https://journal.fateta.unipa.ac.id/index.php/agritechnology/article/view/18>. Date accessed: 27 mar. 2023.
doi: https://doi.org/10.51310/agritechnology.v1i2.18.
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Articles
